Education Policy Is It, Damned Lies, And Education

Most commonly when asked: â€Å"what is education?† the answer usually falls along the line of: attaining knowledge that will be used in one’s future life and helping prepare one for their future. Much like we found when asked the same question in my class, Elementary Education 110: Education Policy: Lies, Damned Lies, and Education. Each student’s answer was similarly along the line of that or relatable to it. However, with such a common, stable, definition or understanding of what education is, education has still been seen to change continuously over the history of the United States with different reforms. Education has been around since the 1600s of American and is very much present now in the 21st century, but due to the fact that there have been so many different reforms throughout time I will only touch on a few. With limitations, I will focus on the first and second Massachusetts Laws (1642 and 1647), the desegregation with Brown v. Board of Education , Balanced Literacy in District 2 of New York, and No Child Left Behind. The purpose of this essay is to analyze what I have found in my research on how the relationship between school and society, and how it has changed in the United States across the Historical Eras. In this analysis, I relate the changing of reforms to Diane Ravitch’s book, The Death and Life of the Great American School System, along with some other resources used in the Education Policy class. Education can be traced back as far as the time ofShow MoreRelatedDrug War Research Paper1354 Words   |  6 Pagesthis essay would be targeting namely those in the lower-middle to higher class. Because this demographic is attending school, all of these people have at least some college education. As for religious and sexual preferences, any and every type is present within this demographic. Because these are college students, education and furthering themselves is of utmost importance to them. College takes time and dedication, so these people are often hardworking. Students are also used to being surroundedRead MoreDemand and Supply of Housing in Australia2556 Words   |  11 PagesEconomic Policy Problem: Demand and Supply The demand and supply of Housing and the Housing affordability in Australia I. Introduction Like all other economies The Australian economy has been affected by the global financial crisis which is now a global economic crisis due the collapse of Lehman Brothers and other financial institutions in US. The consequences of the global economic crisis has been severe and as a result of this the world is in Recession therefore many economies has pushedRead More Inferno as a Manifestation of the Pain of Dante Alighieri Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pagesand religious levels, both deeply woven into the work through allegory. Inferno, written in 1314 by Dante Alighieri, was the first canticle of the Divine Comedy. 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If they made a commitment to themselves to Read MoreThe History and Future of Poverty Essay3716 Words   |  15 Pagescurrent Republican Contract With America is all too continuous with this villainy.) Religion joined the attack on the poor in a big way. Drawing from Augustinian and Calvinist predestinationist themes, it divided humanity into the saved and the damned. Wealth came to be seen as a sign of Gods favor, and then, of course, in a double whammy, poverty came to be seen as a mark of Gods disgust. Bishop Lawrence of Massachusetts intoned: In the long run, it is only to the man of morality that wealthRead MoreModern Public Relations Of Western Ideology2448 Words   |  10 Pagesto remember that these concepts set forth by individuals such as John W. Hill, manufactures idealistic portrayals of an industry which may or may not actual function within these ideals (Heath Bowen 2002). 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Whereas greenwashing wouldRead Moreghjfg6018 Words   |  25 Pagessouls of the dominant world as they discourse with me on weather, weal, and woe are continually playing above their actual words an obligato of tune and tone, saying: My poor, un-white thing! Weep not nor rage. I know, too well, that the curse of God lies heavy on you. Why? That is not for me to say, but be brave! Do your work in your lowly sphere, praying the good Lord that into heaven above, where all is love, you may, one day, be born—white! I do not laugh. I am quite straight-faced as I ask soberly: Read MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pages a. Business morality b. Charities as businesses 12. Democracy a. Good vs. Bad 13. Social Issues (only stats provided) a. Gender b. Family c. Equality 14. Governance a. World Governance 15. Others a. Cooperation b. Education c. Crime d. Liberty or Security e. Consumerism 1. Media 1a. New vs. Traditional GENERAL Intro: †¢ The first quarter of 2043 will be when the last newspapers land on front process all over America. This is the prediction the author ofRead MoreInstitution as the Fundamental Cause of Long Tern Growth39832 Words   |  160 Pagesinsights about the mechanics of economic growth, it has for a long time seemed unable to provide a fundamental explanation for economic growth. As North and Thomas (1973, p. 2) put it: â€Å"the factors we have listed (innovation, economies of scale, education, capital accumulation etc.) are not causes of growth; they are growth† (italics in original). Factor accumulation and innovation are only proximate causes of growth. In North and Thomas’s view, the fundamental explanation of comparative growth is

The Poetry of Wystan Hugh Auden - 634 Words

Wystan Hugh Auden was born in York, England on February 21, 1907. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford after his family moved to Birmingham in his early childhood. He later attended Oxford University where his gift as a poet was immediately recognized. In 1930, at the age of twenty three, Audens second collection of poetry aptly titled, Poems, was published, thus establishing him as a leading voice of a new generation (â€Å"W.H. Auden†). Audens technical virtuosity and extraordinary ability to write poems in nearly every verse form attributes to his esteem as a writer. He notably incorporated aspects of popular culture, including regional dialects and speech, and current events into many of his works. His poems often included literal or metaphorical elements of a journey or quest. Auden mimicked the writing styles of other notable poets such as W.B. Yeats, Emily Dickinson, and Henry James (â€Å"W.H. Auden†). Written in 1937 and published in his collection of poetry, Another Time, in 1940, â€Å"As I Walked Out One Evening† is a reflection on love and the mercilessness of time. The poem is a variation of the ballad form and consists of fifteen rhymed quatrains, which are four line stanzas of any kind, rhymed, metered, or otherwise (McLaughlin). It is told in three voices: the euphoric lover, the critical clocks, and the narrator. Each voice represents a different attitude towards love and time (Springer). The lovers song illustrates time as something that can beShow MoreRelated Wystan Hugh Auden Essay1153 Words   |  5 PagesWystan Hugh Auden Wystan Hugh Auden was born on February 21, 1907, in provincial York, England. Over the next sixty-six years, he became one of the most prolific poets of the twentieth century. He was a versatile poet who felt that poetry was a game of knowledge. He boarded at Gresham’s School in Norfolk and in 1925 went to Christ Church at Oxford. Although he initially studied biology, he quickly switched to English. From there he embarked on a literary career that covered almost fifty yearsRead MoreThree Voices in As I Walked out One Evening by W.H. Auden Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesOut One Evening† by W.H. Auden Wystan Hugh Auden was born in York, England on February 21, 1907. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford after his family moved to Birmingham during his early childhood. He later attended Oxford University where his gift as a poet was immediately realized. In 1930, at the age of twenty three, Audens second collection of poetry aptly titled, Poems, was published, thus establishing him as a leading voice of a new generation (â€Å"W.H. Auden†). Audens technical virtuosityRead MoreModernism Is a Prodigious Movement830 Words   |  3 Pagesconcept of Modernism is widely expressed throughout poetry literature. Wystan Hugh Auden and William Carlos Williams, were from the first few who endorsed modernist views through their written work. Auden’s poem, â€Å"Stop all The Clocks,† publicly declared his homosexuality which, at that time was extremely subversive and prohibited. Likewise, In â€Å"This is Just to Say,† Carlos Williams breaks away from the standardised complexity of traditional poetry and expresses his sentiment through utter simplicityRead MoreThe Unknown Citizen by W.H.Auden1320 Words   |  5 PagesThe poem â€Å"The Unknown Citizen† by W.H. Auden is a poem with a strong message to a wide audience. It portrays a political system’s control over its citizen. The poem is telling us we are a product of our countries, we are nothing but a number of digits to be identified. The poem revolves around the life of the unknown citizen, JS/07/M/378, who was granted a monument by the government in honor of his flawless life in an un-free society. He is by all means the perfect citizen, the citizen who has devotedRead MoreA Comparison of Poetry Essay967 Words   |  4 PagesA Comparison of Poetry In this essay two poems will be juxtaposed. One of the poems is called My parents kept me from children who were rough. This poem was written by Stephen Spender. Stephen Spender was greatly admired for his work and was knighted in 1983. He lived in the 20th century and died 22 years after W H Auden in 1995 .The second poem chosen is called Funeral Blues and was written by W H Auden. W H Auden was a greatly respected homosexual poet who livedRead MoreThe And Of The Light Brigade By Alfred Lord Tennyson2214 Words   |  9 PagesThroughout history, authors have responded to historical events like the war through different genres of literature from novels to poems. In this paper; I will look at how Mrs. Dalloway by Virginia Woolf, September 1st, 1939 by Wystan Hugh Auden and The Charge of the Light Brigade by Alfred Lord Tennyson respond to various historical events. A comparison between these texts will show the many similarities and differences in how they respond to the theme of war. In addition to this, I will examine

Ehrissa Carpenter Essay Example For Students

Ehrissa Carpenter Essay Per: 2MacbethIn Shakespeares play, Macbeth the two protagonists, Macbeth and LadyMacbeth demonstrate both strength and weakness of character and action. Through the course of the play Lady Macbeths early power and strengthweakens while Macbeths rises from weakness to a position of strength andgreat power. In the beginning Lady Macbeth is stronger, however towards theend Macbeth becomes the stronger one. The short tragedy of Macbeth is amorbid story of ruthlessness, power, and murder. Shakespeares shortestplay, Macbeth shows the effects murder can have on a persons soul. Early in the play, Shakespeare develops the strengths of Lady Macbethas contrasted with the weaknesses of her husband. For example Lady Macbethpersuades her husband to kill King Duncan to give Macbeth air to thethrone, she organizes the murder and frames the guards. Without herpersuasion and planning Macbeth wouldnt have committed the murder. Thisquote by Lady Macbeth shows her ruthlessness: My hands are of your color,but I shame to wear a heart so white a little water clears us of thisdeed. How easy it is then! Your constancy hath left you unattended. She isable to cleanse herself of the blood without being affected, howeverMacbeth is not, she calls him cowardly. He is so troubled by his guilt thathe cannot sleep. He shows this in the quote Me thought I heard a voice crysleep no more! Macbeth does murder sleep-the innocent sleep, sleep thatknits up the raveled sleeve of care, the death of each days life, sorelabors bath Lady Macbeth is able to manipulate King Duncans murderwith no r emorse, she is stronger than her husband, Macbeth who struggleswith the guilt he feels for the murder. Midway through the play we find that Lady Macbeth is beginning tolose her power and strength while Macbeth, now the king is at the same timefinding his. For example Macbeth quotes: They are vulnerable then becheerful. Before the bat has finished its blind flight, before black whichwith its droning proclaims nights sleepy presence, there will becommitted and awful and infamous crime. He is referring to his plans tokill Banquo and his son Fleance in the dead of night. Lady Macbeth wasunaware of this; Macbeth is now arranging murder by himself without themotives of Lady Macbeth. After Macduff fled to England Macbeth had hisfamily killed in his absence. Macbeth was angered with him for notattending his banquet and fleeing to England. Macbeth has become soruthless that he killed Macduffs innocent wife and children, lives of theinnocent were taken to torment the soul of Macduff. Macbeth has nowovercome his kind souls guilt over King Duncan to go on and cold-heartedlycommit two more cases o f murder. By the end of the play, Shakespeare shows us a king who is using allof his strength and power to save his position, while showing how the LadyMacbeth has lost all of her strength and has been reduced to a weak,suicidal, nervous wreck. Lady Macbeth expresses her guilt in her sleep,this quote portrays her feelings-All the perfumes of Arabia will notsweeten this little hand. Earlier in the play when she was strong she hadbeen able to wash the blood off with water, now she feels shell never ridherself of the burden. The doctor is called to go see Lady Macbeth for hersleep talking. The doctor quotes This sickness is beyond my medical skill,however Ive known sleep walkers whove died piously in their beds. LadyMacbeths problem is in her head; she needs the calamity removed from hersoul. The witchs prophecies begin to come true, as they predicted; thewoods are going to march (the army). Macbeth decides to fight Macduff,Macbeths charmed life is broken however he still fights Macduff becausehe d rather die fighting for his position than be captured by the army. .uf46708bec7320e3f5bf6243b376e1f85 , .uf46708bec7320e3f5bf6243b376e1f85 .postImageUrl , .uf46708bec7320e3f5bf6243b376e1f85 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf46708bec7320e3f5bf6243b376e1f85 , .uf46708bec7320e3f5bf6243b376e1f85:hover , .uf46708bec7320e3f5bf6243b376e1f85:visited , .uf46708bec7320e3f5bf6243b376e1f85:active { border:0!important; } .uf46708bec7320e3f5bf6243b376e1f85 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf46708bec7320e3f5bf6243b376e1f85 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf46708bec7320e3f5bf6243b376e1f85:active , .uf46708bec7320e3f5bf6243b376e1f85:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf46708bec7320e3f5bf6243b376e1f85 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf46708bec7320e3f5bf6243b376e1f85 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf46708bec7320e3f5bf6243b376e1f85 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf46708bec7320e3f5bf6243b376e1f85 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf46708bec7320e3f5bf6243b376e1f85:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf46708bec7320e3f5bf6243b376e1f85 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf46708bec7320e3f5bf6243b376e1f85 .uf46708bec7320e3f5bf6243b376e1f85-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf46708bec7320e3f5bf6243b376e1f85:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Methanol As Fuel EssayMacbeth is now using all his strength to keep his position as king whilethings are going down around him, his wife commits suicide and the armyscoming after him so he fights Macduff to go down with glory. As we have seen Macbeth and Lady Macbeth have demonstrated bothstrength and weakness of character and action. Ive showed how in thebeginning of the play Lady Macbeth was stronger than Macbeth was, as theplay progressed the scales switched sides and Macbeth became the strongerone. Lady Macbeth becomes so burdened and weakened that she commitssuicide. Ive learned that murder can ruin a persons soul, it is so muchbetter to lead a wholesome, honest life than it is to be evil and corrupt. My essay goes to show that no matter how good the outcome of evil doing mayseem at first the evil will catch up with you and take over. Goodness isalways the way.

Teen Subcultures Management free essay sample

Reflecting on teen subcultures allows for the opportunity to discuss the potential impact teen subcultures have on valuing diversity, how they bond diverse people together and help them understand one another, and discover how they can also result in the formation of cliques and foster stereotypes. By discussing these developmental, teenaged experiences; long- term, adult social impacts can then be concluded. Such conclusions can then be applied to the workplace to address the following questions: What are the challenges for organizations that are seriously attempting to value diversity?What are the benefits to these organizations? How do organizations train people about cultural and subcultures differences without falling into stereotyping? Teen subculture experiences can result In individual value of diversity. The common theme among teen subcultures seems to be the feeling Of belonging. Although, the general environment Of schools may not be very diverse, for example some schools are predominately made up of African American or Caucasian students; subcultures can allow for some degree of diversity by bringing together teenagers of different cultures, anemographic or personal differences. We will write a custom essay sample on Teen Subcultures Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For instance, in the subculture of the in-crowd, popular students were more interested in partying than achieving good grades. This common focus can allow for teenagers with varying cultural backgrounds, financial situations or personalities to experience diversity and therefore appreciate individual differences because of being brought together with something in common. Teen subculture experiences can also bond diverse people together and help them understand one another. Another example of being brought together due to common interests, the grunge subculture brought students together that commonly appreciated similar music and art.For those that were artists, art classes often brought numerous subcultures together and thus bonds were formed through the common talent of the students, eliciting a different kind of subculture. The diverse individuals were then able to understand one another through their interactions within the classroom. Teen subculture experiences can also result in the formation of cliques or foster stereotypes. Since many teen subcultures can be identified through the way they dress and behave, territories can be fostered. If one appears to fit a certain category or subculture, then assumptions are often made about that person.Back to the us Becquerel of the in-crowd, sis once they were known to value partying and expensive clothes, it was assumed that if an individual did not dress well they didnt have money and would therefore not fit into that subculture. Behavior also allows for individual perceptions and misconceptions. If partying is the common interest of a specific subculture, then regardless of dress, if another individual is perceived as belonging to the nerds, which are assumed to be non-partiers based upon their collective behavior, then they will not likely be accepted into the in-crowd partiers.As these developmental experiences shape long-term, adult perceptions; it could be concluded that workplace interactions will also be affected. So, what are the challenges for organiza tions that are seriously attempting to value diversity? According to Chuck Williams, surface-level diversity, defined as easily observed individual traits such as age, ethnicity, gender and physical differences, and deep-level perversity, defined as differences in personality, beliefs, attitudes and values, can lead to discriminatory hiring and/or promoting practices within organizations, thus inhibiting diversity within the organization (Williams, 201 3, up. 54-255). What are the benefits to organizations that value diversity? Williams asserts that diversity in the work place elicits cost savings, the attraction and retention of talented employees, and that a diverse workforce drives the growth of the business (p. 252). For example, costs savings result from diversity as fewer employees quit, miss work, or file law suits (p. 52). Talented employees are more likely to be attracted to the organization and less likely to go elsewhere if it has an established, diverse environment (p. 52). Finally, as the marketplace becomes more global and therefore more diverse, businesses benefit when they hire a diverse workforce that understands diverse customer needs. Improved problem solving is also a result of the diverse perspectives of team members as they identify issues and develop a variety of options (p. 252). Finally, how do organizations train stereotyping? Williams describes awareness training using both ImplicitAssociation Tests (TAT) and skills-based training, as a way organizations can overcome individual biases and stereotypes in the work place (p. 266). Awareness training, defined by Williams, as training centered upon increasing employee awareness of diversity problems that shall engages individual perceptions, can include AT. TAT are tests that identify the degree of an individuals negative and positive reactions to surface-level diversity (p. 266). TAT identifies biases while skills-based training helps individuals overcome some of the effects of bias.For example, skills-based training helps managers obtain skills, such as problem solving, negotiation, conflict resolution and adaptability, to effectively manage a diverse workforce (p. 266). Diversity pairing is another method, described by Williams, that organizations can use to overcome stereotypes by having individuals pair up to interact with others of diverse cultures, ethnicities or gender (p. 266). It seems clear that individual perceptions of diversity are shaped by the experiences of their youth, specifically from their exposure to the various vestures within schools and communities. As organizations attempt to benefit from having a diverse workforce, it is important for them to be diligently aware of individual attitudes and perceptions, whether positive or negative. Organizations will likely benefit from training practices to overcome any potentially negative impacts and effectively utilize the positive contributions elicited by diversity.

How Helium Works essays

How Helium Works essays There is something incredibly special about helium balloons! If you buy one at the circus or fair, you can hold its string and it will ride along above you. If you let go of the string it will fly away until you cannot see it anymore. If you have ever wondered why it flies away, the passages below can help you to figure out the mystery. Helium balloons work using exactly the same law of buoyancy. In this case, the helium balloon that you hold by a string is floating in a "pool" of air. The helium balloon displaces an amount of air (just like a empty bottle displaces an amount of water). As long as the helium plus the balloon is lighter than the air it displaces, the balloon will float in the air. It turns out that helium is a lot lighter than air. The difference is not as great as it is between water and air (a liter of water weighs about 1,000grams, while a liter of air weighs about a gram), but it is significant. Helium weighs 0.1785 grams per liter. Nitrogen weighs 1.2506 grams per liter, and since nitrogen makes up about 80% of the air we breath, 1.25 grams is a good approximation for the weight of liter of air. Therefore, if you were to fill a one-liter soda bottle full of helium, the bottle would weigh about 1 gram less than the same bottle filled with air. That doesn't sound like much - since the bottle weighs more than a gram the bottle will not float. However, in large volumes, the 1-gram per liter difference between air and helium can really add up. This explains why balloons are generally quite large - they have to displace a lot of air to float. So why is helium so much lighter than air? It's because helium atoms are lighter than a nitrogen atom. It has fewer electrons, protons and neutrons than nitrogen atoms do, and that makes it much more lighter. Approximately the same number of atoms of each of the elements fills approximately the same amount o ...

A Very Short History of Chad, Africa

A Very Short History of Chad, Africa Brief History of Chad Chad is one of several potential sites for the cradle of humankind in Africa following the discovery of seven-million-year-old human-like skull, now known as the Toumaà ¯ (Hope of life) skull. 7000 years ago the region was not as arid as it is today cave paintings depict elephants, rhinoceroses, giraffes, cattle, and camels. People lived and farmed around the shores of lakes in the north central basin of the Sahara. The indigenous Sao people who lived along the Chari river during the first millennia CE were absorbed by the Kamen-Bornu and Baguirmi kingdoms (which stretched from Lake Chad deep into the Sahara) and the region became a crossroads for the trans-Saharan trade routes. Following the collapse of the central kingdoms, the region became something of a backwater ruled by local tribes and regularly raided by Arab slavers. Conquered by the French during the last decade of the 19th century, the territory was declared pacified in 1911. The French initially placed control of the region under a governor-general in Brazzaville (Congo), but in 1910 Chad was joined to the larger federation of Afrique Équatoriale Franà §aise (AEF, French Equatorial Africa). It was not until 1914 that the north of Chad was finally occupied by the French. The AEF was dissolved in 1959, and independence followed on 11 August 1960 with Francois Tombalbaye as Chads first president. It was not long, unfortunately, before civil war erupted between the Muslim north and Christian/animist south. Tombalbaye rule became more brutal and in 1975 General Felix Malloum took power in a coup. He was replaced by Goukouni Oueddei after another coup in 1979. Power changed hands twice more by coup: to Hissà ¨ne Habrà © in 1982, and then to Idriss Dà ©by in 1990. The first multi-party, democratic elections held since independence reaffirmed Dà ©by in 1996.

A Very Short History of Chad, Africa

A Very Short History of Chad, Africa Brief History of Chad Chad is one of several potential sites for the cradle of humankind in Africa following the discovery of seven-million-year-old human-like skull, now known as the Toumaà ¯ (Hope of life) skull. 7000 years ago the region was not as arid as it is today cave paintings depict elephants, rhinoceroses, giraffes, cattle, and camels. People lived and farmed around the shores of lakes in the north central basin of the Sahara. The indigenous Sao people who lived along the Chari river during the first millennia CE were absorbed by the Kamen-Bornu and Baguirmi kingdoms (which stretched from Lake Chad deep into the Sahara) and the region became a crossroads for the trans-Saharan trade routes. Following the collapse of the central kingdoms, the region became something of a backwater ruled by local tribes and regularly raided by Arab slavers. Conquered by the French during the last decade of the 19th century, the territory was declared pacified in 1911. The French initially placed control of the region under a governor-general in Brazzaville (Congo), but in 1910 Chad was joined to the larger federation of Afrique Équatoriale Franà §aise (AEF, French Equatorial Africa). It was not until 1914 that the north of Chad was finally occupied by the French. The AEF was dissolved in 1959, and independence followed on 11 August 1960 with Francois Tombalbaye as Chads first president. It was not long, unfortunately, before civil war erupted between the Muslim north and Christian/animist south. Tombalbaye rule became more brutal and in 1975 General Felix Malloum took power in a coup. He was replaced by Goukouni Oueddei after another coup in 1979. Power changed hands twice more by coup: to Hissà ¨ne Habrà © in 1982, and then to Idriss Dà ©by in 1990. The first multi-party, democratic elections held since independence reaffirmed Dà ©by in 1996.

Based off documentary (George) Orwell rolls in his grape Essay

Based off documentary (George) Orwell rolls in his grape - Essay Example There are several examples of the media not engaging in critical thinking throughout this movie. One of the main problems with the current media practices is that media will often report whatever they are told is happening without actually dissecting the context surrounding it. For instance, the media’s current coverage of the protests in New York over Wall Street do very little to unpack the socioeconomic causes of this anger, or the realities of the issue. Instead, they simply either cast the protesters as â€Å"good guys† or â€Å"bad guys† and run a story about how good or bad they are. Likewise, the movie â€Å"George Orwell Rolls in His Grave† shows that the media has a clear agenda that it pursues relentlessly, which is the aggrandizement of media and the protection and expansion of media profits. Media companies have become more and more concentrated into small ownership groups, so there is no real competition in the media market anymore, and whene ver there is a news story about deregulation of the media, the media portrays this as an amazing thing with no downsides because they want to be able to make more profit off of it. There is no way to truly be a critical thinker if you are relentlessly pursuing an agenda, so in this way the media fails to actually engage in critical

Unit 3 Case Mangement Seminar Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 3 Case Mangement Seminar - Research Paper Example In my case, I use my cultural practices to relate with my customers. A proper dress code is the first impression that attracts customers to wards my business. When interacting with my customers, I often uses motivational languages thus I am able to encourage customers to buy products that are by giving out reasonable discounts. Culture biasness is common in many business organizations. These practices create drift between the rich, those who live in the middle class society and the poor. The cultural practice of a business determines the type of customer expectations. Some business tend to trade on goods and services that are only affordable to people of high social classes, while others can accommodate both the rich and model class social groups. The cultural practices are universal thus free from culture bias. Business organizations often advance easily if they adapt a culture that is free from bias. Culture bias discourages clients from investing as well as trading withy certain business organizations. Human service workers discourage clients from trading if they engage in cultures that accommodate business. Non-verbal communications are used to define a business culture. They are the daily business activities that are used to draw

The Holeâ€A look into the prisons within the prisons Essay Example for Free

The Hole—A look into the prisons within the prisons Essay In the United States today at least 80,000 prisoners are being held in some sort of isolation unit, commonly called solitary confinement. Prisoners in solitary are isolated in a 6X8 foot concrete room for 23 hours a day. This is how the United States government chooses to regulate the prisons, by locking prisoners in this cell for weeks, months or even years on end. Most prisoners are allowed 1 hour a day for â€Å"recreation† where they are allowed to go outside, alone, in a fenced area about the size of their cell. It is a dirty, cold, concrete room with only a metal slot in the door that they receive meals through. The room contains a bed, shower, and toilet, as well as a very small amount of personal items. They receive no educational classes, rehabilitative programs or other transitional services to help them prepare for their return to society, even when they are going to be released soon. They have absolutely no structure to their day. Since I was a child I have always been interested in the Criminal Justice System. I have long hoped to become a prosecutor and have always been curious about prisons and criminals. My original curiosity with solitary confinement specifically came from a Law and Order episode I saw. The main detective asked to be put in solitary confinement for a weekend to prove that the criminal’s defense was fake (the criminal was claiming he pushed the detective off the roof because of the psychological suffering he endured in solitary confinement). Throughout the episode I watched, as the detective slowly started hallucinating and got very anxious and angry. I assumed that the show was exaggerating for entertainment value however I wanted to find out whether that was true. Throughout my research process I have found that the symptoms the detective displayed are the same symptoms that thousands of real prisoners have. Through out my quest to learn more about the practice of Solitary confinement, my opinion has changed dramatically. At the beginning of this project I thought of this topic the same way I think about almost everything else, very black and white. I had little sympathy for prisoners, even those held in solitary confinement. I didn’t think of it as torture and didn’t understand what the problem was. Throughout my research my opinion has started becoming grayer, creating an internal tension for me between two conflicting views. I have a strong held belief that prisons provide justice and safety. I hope to become a prosecutor to execute law and order. However, I have become conflicted throughout this assignment because I have found that this way of punishment has been clearly shown to be immoral and inhuman. For my â€Å"site visit† I visited the Valhalla county jail. I was struck by the number of wives, parents, teenagers and young children who were there to visit loved ones. I listened in on defense attorney KL’s conversations with two of his clients and was shocked to find that I really did feel that one of them was being charged too harshly. I am of course not defending what the prisoners did, and many of them deserve to be locked up, but the thought these people are treated so inhumanly, I feel disgraces our country and what it stands for. America, which supposedly stands for freedom, justice and the pursuit of happiness, locks up thousands and thousands of men, women, and teenagers sometimes as young as 14, in a cage. How could America, the land of freedom and opportunity, take part in such an appalling practice? Most of us wouldn’t treat our dogs the way the prisons treat the criminals, especially those in solitary confinement. Solitary Confinement was first used in the Auburn state prison during a two-year experiment in 1821, during which scientists observed people in extreme isolation. They housed a group of prisoners in individual cells â€Å"without any labor or other adequate provisions for physical exercise.† Alexis de Tocqueville and Gustave de Beaumont reported, â€Å"This trial, from which a happy result had been anticipated, was fatal to the greater part of the convicts: in order to reform them, they had been submitted to complete isolation; but this absolute solitude, if nothing interrupt it, is beyond the strength of man; it destroys the criminal without intermission and without pity; it does not reform, it kills. The unfortunates, upon whom this experiment was made, fell into a state of depression, so manifest, that their keepers were struck with it; their lives seemed in danger, if they remained longer in this situation.† This experiment was done almost two hundred years ago and although the results were horrendous, solitary is still used today. It is sometimes necessary however. According to solitarywatch.com, Solitary confinement is used for three main reasons: protection, punishment and rehabilitation. Through out my research I have found very little data to suggest solitary confinement is the least bit rehabilitative, so I have come to the conclusion that it is really only used for punishment and as a protective measure. Certain inmates such as former police officers and child molesters are more likely to be attacked by other inmates while in prison and are therefore put there for their own protection. Solitary confinement is also used as a way to regulate the prisons. When a prisoner gets into a fight with another inmate or violates a prison rule, they are put in solitary confinement, or what the guards call, â€Å"the bing†, as punishment. It is called â€Å"the bing† because many of the prisoners start going crazy when placed in solitary confinement. Some common side affects are: hallucinations, hypersensitivity to noise and touch, insomnia, paranoia, feelings of rage and fear, distortions of time and perception, depression, anxiety, PTSD and an increased risk of suicide. When these side affects occur, the prisoners often start screaming and become very incoherent and manic. In 2009, Robert Foor, an Illinois inmate with mental illness, was placed in isolation and â€Å"became more mentally ill, mutilating himself by cutting and biting, and [attempted] to hang himself.† He ultimately died in solitary confinement at Tamms Correctional Center. Another Tamms inmate whose mental health had been notably declining, faced increasing isolation and longer sentences, due to incidents of throwing feces and urine at guards. One study even found that the people held in solitary developed were more likely to become psychopaths than those in the general population (28% vs. 15%). â€Å"The isolation unit at Stateville Correctional Center in Joliet, Illinois has been described as consisting of â€Å"gray walls, a solid steel door, no window, no clock, and a light that was kept on twenty-four hours a day.† Living in those kinds of conditions, it’s hard to imagine someone not going crazy. Another comparison I made to my own life was that I realized that when I spend even 5 hours in my room alone, I become anxious and sometimes depressed. My room is clean, not made of concrete and has a bed, light, desk, laptop and phone. Although I choose to keep my door closed I could come out at any time I want, I just choose not to. If I become anxious and depressed after only several hours alone in a small room, with conditions much nicer then the solitary cells, then I can’t even begin to imagine how the prisoners in solitary feel. Furthermore, I have found that solitary confinement is not only harmful for the prisoners, but for our society as a whole. It is detrimental for our society for two main reasons. The first is that it is much harder for prisoners who spend a prolonged period in solitary confinement to reintegrate into society. Many of the prisoners suffer from PTSD and other mental conditions because they have very limited human contact for months or even years. This makes it dangerous for them to then be released into the general population, especially when they have very little guidance before being released or after. Many prisoners are released directly into society from solitary confinement. Research done by the human rights watch, show that prisoners in solitary have a much higher rate of re-incarceration because of their anger and depression. With little education, classes or skill training, it is difficult for them to become productive members of society. They are unable to get jobs because of their limited skills and because of their arrest record. People are judgmental; very few people want former criminals working for them. I have found that many people don’t realize that people make mistakes and go to jail only to suffer, probably more then than the suffer they once caused. Prisoners are beaten, raped, and isolated, causing severe physical and psychological damage. Another disadvantage for the society as whole is that housing prisoners in solitary confinement cost approximately three times as much as it does to house a prisoner in the general prison population. According to a news article published by the Daily News, it costs American taxpayers $75,000 per inmate in solitary confinement per year as opposed to $25,000 dollars per inmate in the general population per year. It also came to my attention that solitary confinement has long been called a â€Å"human rights violation†. America is violating the Geneva Convention by putting people in solitary confinement. The psychological harm that the prisoners undergo in solitary is considered torture. Sister Marion Defeis who worked as a Chaplain for 23 years at Rikers Island wrote, â€Å"When I would make visits, walking cell by cell, I was overwhelmed by the lethargy and depression of the inmates. That’s not how our system is supposed to work. We have prohibitions against cruel and unusual punishment.† While this is true, no alternative to solitary has so far been put to action. I conducted a phone interview with Marion Defeis who was explaining her work at Rikers as well as her current work at a non-profit organization in Brooklyn for single mothers previously incarcerated. The alternative she proposed was that when there is an altercation in the prison the prisoner should be separated to a different area and should receive psychological help to try to improve their mental state, instead of locking them up which will ultimately worsen the situation. She also felt that the punishments that the prisons use do not always fit the crime committed. The chart below shows how many isolation sentences there were because of different violations. During an interview with Mr. L he explained that a lot of times when there is an altercation it is the victim of the abuse that is put in solitary confinement. Although it is for their own protection, he feels that it is unjust for the victim to have a worse penalty when it was the offenders that committed the violation. A lot of times minors are also put there to protect them from the adult prisoners which he felt was unfair that they should get a worse penalty just because they were younger and therefore more vulnerable. These two instances both dramatically changed my views on solitary confinement and made me more sympathetic to what the prisoners held in solitary go through. Although Mr. Lawrence did feel solitary confinement is overused, he did clearly find it necessary in some situations. This was surprising because as a defense attorney I expected him to be very against it. Another essential moment throughout my research process was during my conversation with former prosecutor Mrs. Levine. She really only dealt with solitary as a protective measure, when there was a witness that was going to be put in jail with the person they were testifying against, they would need to be separated to insure they would not be injured or killed in jail. She explained that when she was going through the training to become a prosecutor she had to visit a solitary cell. She told me that she would really have to feel that she was in serious danger to be willing to be put in those kinds of horrible conditions. One researcher who took part in a report conducted by the New York Civil liberties union stated, â€Å"It doesn’t take half a brain to realize we’re not going to get a good product out of this.† This was a very powerful quote for me that landmarked a shift in my thinking. When a single researcher can so clearly see the affects of solitary confinement after only one study, how can the rest of the country not see the detrimental affects after all the research collected? Not only are thousands of people held in solitary confinement, but so many different kinds of people are put in solitary as well. Prisoners as young as 14 years old to as old as 70, men and women, whites, blacks and Hispanics as well as a lot of times, the mentally ill. According to the American Friends service committee, â€Å"An independent investigation from 2006 reported that as many as 64 percent of prisoners in SHUs were mentally ill, a much higher percentage than is reported by states for their general prison populations.† Frequently, mentally ill prisoners who are placed in the general prison population commit crimes and are put in solitary, which only exacerbates the problem. Once their punishment is over they are put back into the general prison population but at that point they have even more severe mental problems and once again end up in solitary. Furthermore, it has been reported that a disproportionate number of black people are in jail or in solitary compared to the NYS population. This is represented in the chart below. For the community service portion of this project I volunteered at the Children’s Village in Dobbs Ferry NY with boys ages 8-12, many of whom have parents currently detained. I spoke with several staff members who explained that incarceration is an everlasting cycle. The staff works hard to break this cycle by helping to teach the boys necessary skills to succeed in life. It was shocking to me to realize that jail and solitary confinement would ever relate so directly to my life. When I found out that many of the parents of these children who I have been tutoring for the last three years are in jail, I thought differently of the children. I became more sympathetic and understanding of what they have lived through and realized that they weren’t just out of control kids who didn’t feel like learning their multiplication table. Their parents were living in cages. That’s why they were so angry and depressed and refused to learn. It also discovered that just 10 minutes away from my house was a maximum-security prison called the Bedford Correctional Facility. Not only are their hundreds of women housed there, but about 25 of them are held in solitary confinement. Their children come to visit them with their foster parents and have to kiss their mothers through glass. My struggle throughout this assignment has been withholding judgment about the topic. If I were not required to keep an open mind, this would have been a very different process. There is still much to be learned about the practice of solitary confinement. I have now recognized how harmful solitary confinement is to the prisoners, country and society as a whole, however it is hard to put an end to solitary confinement without coming up with an alternative solution. This project has also made me wonder why they call prisons â€Å"correctional facilities†. I have found no evidence to show that these â€Å"facilities† help â€Å"correct† anything. Sister Marion Defeis’s alternative is certainly a possibility, however it would require a lot of time, effort and certainly money that I am not sure society would be willing to pay for people who have been found to have committed such horrific offenses.

hepatitis :: essays research papers

Hepatitis Hepatitis In modern society when a person gets sick with the flu or a cold they will usually go about their normal routine with the exception of a sneeze or a cough throughout the day. Sometimes things can be more than what they appear to be. The symptoms start out like the flu with coughing, fever, aches, and vomiting. However, the disease gradually worsens with symptoms of extreme weakness and excruciating abdominal pain. By then it is usually too late when the person finds out that their liver is failing and that there disease is caused by one of the most contagious, dangerous and deadliest of viruses. These viruses that were initially concealed by flu like symptoms are now known collectively as the disease of Hepatitis. The disease of Hepatitis is actually by six different types of viral infections, namely, Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, and G. Hepatitis descries the destructive affect of the viral invasion of the body and liver by six and separate viruses. Each type of viral infection varies from one to another in degree of severity. The names of the viruses are in alphabetical order corresponding to their discovery. There is also a non-viral Hepatitis which is caused by substance. One rumor that has spread about hepatitis is that a person can only contract Hepatitis if associated with HIV or AIDS. This is not true! Any one can become infected with Hepatitis. Unfortunately this is about all most people know of Hepatitis. They need to know the full horror of which the virus is capable. The first of the Hepatitis viral infection to be discovered is Hepatitis A. Hep. A is the mild mannered virus compared to the other viruses. It has the symptoms of influenza, fever, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weakening of body, but it does have some differences such as jaundice (a yellowing pigmentation of the skin and whites of the eyes) and urine appears to be a darker color. Jaundice is caused by an abundance of bilirubon which has not been removed from the blood system due to the infected liver. Hep. A does not have any special medications or antibiotics that can be used to treat or prevent this unpleasant virus. Some ways of avoiding this viral infection include washing the hands very carefully and not eating food or drink of others. People living in the same house or having close contact should clean the area very thoroughly.

Buwan ng Wika Movie

Upon watching the film, although I have already a clear view that I will become a teacher in the future, it somehow encourage me to pursue and take this course very seriously not for my benefit but for others. It gives me an inspiration to study hard and be more knowledgeable for when the time comes; I can give a lot of knowledge to my students. For saying says that, â€Å"You ca not give what you do not have.†If I will be a teacher; I will be a good model teacher to the students. I will listen to them in the sense of knowing who really they are. As long as they will give me a permission to talk to them with regards to their problem- I will. I will give them all the knowledge that they need to know for their future. I will be their best friend on the other hand; if they are willing they will also be my best friends.I will not apply the rule of a teacher and students instead a teacher to a teacher and students to a students, in general I will be like them and they will be like me. I will play with them but I will stop them their bad character and alter it into a nice character. I will develop the skills and the talent of my students in any kind of field. I will make them proud of themselves. I will make a rule of respect to the classroom. May things I envisioned but first, I must envision to graduate in this profession.

Human Resource Forecasting Essay

PART 1: HUMAN RESOURCE FORECASTING Reference: Adapted from Human Resource Forecasting Assignment, pp 108 – 110 in Nkomo, S. M., Fottler, M. D., McAfee, R. B. (2008) Human Resource Management Applications: Cases, Exercises, Incidents, and Skill Builders, 6th Edition Due date: Week 9 LEARNING OBJECTIVES †¢Practice in forecasting an organisation’s people needs †¢To familiarize you with some of the factors that affect an organisation’s future people needs †¢To familiarise you with the complexities involved in making human resource forecasts †¢To point out that all human resource forecasting is based on assumptions and that these assumptions are critical to the accuracy of the forecast INSTRUCTIONS It has been a busy year with staff turnover, new employees and new equipment on order. Your CEO has requested a forecast of the human resource needs for North West Regional Hospital for the coming years. North West Regional Hospital (NWRH) is a purpose built, 180-bed inpatient facility and the largest regional hospital in the state. NWRH also has 15 outreach sites located throughout tropical, northern Australia, each of which employs approximately 17 individuals. In total, NWRH currently employs 700 people. Over the coming three years, NWRH is planning an expansion into additional regional areas and expects to add 25 new outreach sites. Each outreach site varies in size according to the needs of the community, so the figures  represent averages. During the past month, NWRH has placed an order for 3 new dialysis machines to increase its renal support services. These machines are scheduled to be in operation December 31, one year from now in existing outreach sites only. NWRH has found that for each new machine purchased requires four (4) additional nurses, on average. In addition, five (5) new doctors are added in year 2. A breakdown of NWRH’s current staffing is shown in Table 1. Your CEO has asked you to perform three human resource-forecasting tasks. First, based on the assumptions given below, you are required to determine employee turnover for the inpatient facility office, the old outreach sites, and the new outreach sites. The CEO would like to know this information for each of the next three years and for each of the major personnel categories (i.e., Doctors, Nurses, and Inpatient Facility Administration staff). Your job is to complete Table 2. Second, your CEO would like to know the number of new employees NWRH will need to hire for each major personnel category for each of the next three years. Your job is to complete Table 3. Finally, your CEO would like to know the total number of employees who will be working for NWRH as of the end of each of the next three years. Your job is to complete Table 4. Table 1: Present staffing Total Employees700 Number of outreach sites15 Doctors per outreach site5 Number of Doctors75 Nurses per outreach site12 Number of Nurses180 Outreach facility employees255 Inpatient Facility Employees445 Table 2: Turnover Employee CategoryCurrent YearYear 1Year 2Year 3 Old outreach site Doctors Old outreach site nurses Inpatient facility New outreach site Doctors New outreach site nurses TOTALS Table 3: Number of Employees to be hired Employee CategoryCurrent YearYear 1Year 2Year 3 Old outreach site Doctors Old outreach site nurses Inpatient facility New outreach site Doctors New outreach site nurses TOTALS Table 4: Year-End Employment Employee CategoryCurrent YearYear 1Year 2Year 3 Old outreach site Doctors Old outreach site nurses Inpatient facility New outreach site Doctors New outreach site nurses TOTALS In order to complete your assignment, your CEO has told you to make a number of assumptions. They are: A.You are making all projections in December for subsequent years ending December 31 B.With regard to the existing outreach offices, assume a.The 15 existing outreach offices employ 5 doctors and 12 nurses each. b.On December 31 (one year hence) 3 new dialysis machines are placed in operation and require an additional 12 nurses (4 per machine). c.On December 31 in the 2nd year, 5 new doctors are employed. d.Turnover rate is 40 percent for nursing personnel, and 20 percent for doctors. C.With regard to new outreach sites, assume a.New outreach sites are added as follows: 6 in Year 1, 10 in Year 2, and 9 in Year 3. b.Each new outreach site employs 17 individuals (5 doctors and 12 nurses). c.Turnover is 30 percent for nurses, and 20 percent for doctors. D.With regard to the inpatient facility, assume that turnover will be 15 percent per year. PART 2: WRITING JOB DESCRIPTION & RECRUITMENT ADVERTISEMENT References:Adapted from Job Analysis: Writing Job Description, pp 97-99 in Nkomo, S. M., Fottler, M. D., McAfee, R. B. (2008) Human Resource Management Applications: Cases, Exercises, Incidents, and Skill Builders, 6th Edition Note: For your presentation in Week 5, you will use one (1) Job Description to develop one (1) Advertisement to present as a group. The developed advertisement cannot be used in the Portfolio Assignment. LEARNING OBJECTIVES †¢To familiarise you with the job analysis process and with job descriptions †¢Practice in writing job descriptions †¢To make you aware of different methods for recruiting candidates and stand out from the crowd INSTRUCTIONS:Job Analysis, Writing Job Descriptions and Recruitment Advertising You are required to write three (3) job descriptions, one (1) job advertisement, and one (1) selection criteria for the Portfolio Assignment. The job advertisement should reflect one (1) selected job description (choose one (1) – doctor, nurse, and inpatient facility administrator), and the selection criteria should reflect the selected job advertisement to create a flow in your portfolio. A.Draw up a set of job descriptions for each of the (3) positions in the case (doctor, nurse, and inpatient facility administrator). You may use whatever sources you want, including interviewing people you may know in these positions or similar positions or searching relevant web sites as you want job descriptions and lists of duties that apply specifically to regional hospitals and outreach facilities. The Job Analysis Questionnaire (below) can be used as a guide to help determine the major responsibilities and tasks of the job and the required knowledge, skills, abilities, and personal characteristics needed to perform the job. Remember to write the job description using action verbs when describing the employee’s tasks, duties, and responsibilities. It is also important that specific duties be grouped and arranged in descending order of importance. The complete job description should follow the format shown in sample provided (below). B.Choose (1) job description to draft one (1) job advertisement, to attract the right people to apply for that position. Write the advertisement as if it will appear on an online employment agency (e.g. seek.com). It will need to stand out amongst the many thousands of other positions being advertised. Job Analysis Questionnaire A.Job Responsibilities and Duties a.Job title b.Department title and/or division title c.Title of immediate supervisor d.Description of duties (describe the duties in enough details to provide a complete and accurate description of the work) i.Provide a general overall summary of the purpose of your job ii.What are the major results or outputs of your job? iii.Describe the duties and tasks you perform daily; weekly; monthly. iv.Describe duties you perform irregularly. e.List any machines, instruments, tools, machine, materials, and work aids used in your job. Indicate percent of time used. f.Describe the nature of your responsibility for nonhuman resources (money, machinery, machine and so on). What monetary loss can occur through an error? g.What reports and records do you prepare as part of your job? When are they prepared? h.What is the source of instructions for performing your job (e.g. oral or written specifications)? i.Describe the nature and frequency of supervision received. j.How is your work reviewed, checked, or verified? B.Reporting Relationships a.How many employees are directly under your supervision? What are their job titles? b.Do you have full authority to hire, terminate, evaluate and transfer employees under your supervision? Explain. c.What contacts are required with other departments or persons other than you immediate department in performing you job? Describe the nature and extent of the contacts. C.Working Conditions a.Describe the working conditions present in the location and environment of your work such as cold/heat, noise, fumes, dust, and so on. Indicate frequency and degree of exposure b.Describe any dangers or hazards present in your job. D. Job Qualifications (Be certain not to list the incumbent qualifications, but what is required for performance by a new employee). a.Describe the  kind of previous work experience necessary for satisfactory performance of this job. b.What is the amount of experience required? c.What kinds of knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) are needed to perform the job? d.What is the minimal level of education (grammar, high school, degree etc.) required? e.Are any special physical skills and/or manual dexterity skills required to perform the job? f.Are there any special certification, registration, license, or training requirements? Sample Job Description Job Title: Shift Supervisor (Mining) Position Purpose: The purpose of this position is to maintain a safe and efficient plant operation through directing the activities of the operation’s personnel and providing a management support function for the plant superintendent. Typical Job Duties: 1.Directs the activities of the operations personnel and coordinates the activities of the maintenance personnel. 2.Issues written communication to employees concerning personnel policies and operational concerns. 3.Administers a maintenance request program through collecting requests, scheduling, and recording maintenance activities. 4.Administers the plant tagging procedure. 5.Conducts the training and safety programs for shift employees. 6.Schedules shift assignments to reflect workload and vacation schedules. 7.Performs administrative tasks such as recording workers’ time, maintaining records concerning operational activities, and updating written procedures. 8.Prepares annual budget for assigned plan area and maintains the inventory level on these items. 9.Appraise performance of shift employees annually 10.Counsels employees on disciplinary problems and job-related performance. 11.Assumes plant superintendent’s duties when assigned. Physical Requirements: walking and climbing stairs Working conditions: Remote locations; secure fully furnished housing is provided. Quarterly rotations between locations are available. Four day rotating roster with morning, afternoon and night shifts. Machine and Machines Used: CRT, spectrometer, PH metre, conductivity metre Reporting Relationships: The shift supervisor reports directly to the plant superintendent. The shift supervisor directs the control room operator, two or more utility operators, trainees, and other assigned personnel, and coordinates the activities of the maintenance personnel present on shift. Qualifications: Education: Associate degree or equivalent training (e.g. management training classes) OR five (5) years of management experience Related Experience: Minimum of three (3) years as a control room operator for a coal-fired boiler operation. Job Knowledge/Skills Required: 1.Comprehensive understanding of plant systems. 2.Fundamental understanding of electrical systems and motor control centres. 3.Thorough knowledge of boiler chemistry. 4.Comprehension of flow, logic, and electrical prints. 5.Ability to perform elementary mathematical and algebraic calculations. 6.Communication and human relations skills. 7.Ability to operate CRT, spectrometer, PH metre, and conductivity metre. 8.Managerial skills. PART 3: WRITING SELECTION CRITERIA References: Adapted from Selection Decisions, pp 131-138 in Nkomo, S. M., Fottler, M. D., McAfee, R. B. (2008) Human Resource Management Applications: Cases, Exercises, Incidents, and Skill Builders, 6th Edition Selection Criteria adapted from Practical Exercises: Graduate trainee  selection at Yarra Bank, pp 269–271 in Stone, R. J. (2010) Managing Human Resources, 3rd Edition LEARNING OBJECTIVES †¢To help you develop skills in developing selection criteria and evaluation measures †¢To make you aware of the complex criteria often used to select candidates †¢To help you develop skills in planning and implementing semi-structured interviews †¢To give you practice in preparing for the selection interview INSTRUCTIONS:Selection Criteria Using the job description, you chose for the job advertisement: 1.Develop a list of key selection criteria for an upcoming vacancy in this position in terms of experience, qualifications, skills/abilities, personal qualities and special requirements (see template below). 2.Outline how you would evaluate the candidates on each criterion. What questions would you ask? 3.Identify your interview selection panel. Indicate the number of people to be on the panel, the positions that they hold and provide a brief explanation of why they are required on the panel. Key selection criteria Experience: What type of and how much experience is required to perform this job successfully? Qualifications: What are the minimum formal educational qualifications required to perform this job successfully? Skills/Abilities: What special skills and/or abilities and knowledge are required to perform this job successfully? Personal Qualities: What special personal qualities (physical characteristics and personality  characteristics) are required to perform this job successfully? Special requirements: What special requirements are required to perform this job successfully?

The Study of Stone in Archaeology or Lithics

The Study of Stone in Archaeology or Lithics Definition: Archaeologists use the (slightly ungrammatical) term lithics to refer to artifacts made of stone. Since organic materials such as bone and textiles are rarely preserved, the most common type of artifact found on a prehistoric archaeological site is worked stone, whether as prepared tools such as a handaxe, adze or projectile point, hammerstone, or the tiny flakes of stone called debitage, which resulted from the construction of those tools.Lithic analysis is the study of those objects, and can entail things like determining where the stone was quarried (called sourcing), when the stone was worked (such as obsidian hydration), what kind of technology was used to make the stone tool (flint knapping and heat-treatment), and what evidence there is of the tools use usewear or residue studies).   Sources I whole-heartedly recommend the Stone Age Research Collection pages of Roger Grace, for those who want to delve deeper. Andrefsky, Jr., William 2007 The application and misapplication of mass analysis in lithic debitage studies. Journal of Archaeological Science 34:392-402. Andrefsky Jr., William 1994 Raw-material availability and the organization of technology. American Antiquity 59(1):21-34. Borradaile, G. J., et al. 1993 Magnetic and optical methods for detecting the heat treatment of chert. Journal of Archaeological Science 20:57-66. Cowan, Frank L. 1999 Making sense of flake scatters: Lithic technological strategies and mobility. American Antiquity 64(4):593-607. Crabtree, Donald E. 1972. An Introduction to Flintworking. Occasional Papers of the Idaho State University Museum, No. 28. Pocatello, Idaho, Idaho State University Museum. Gero, Joan M. 1991 Genderlithics: Womens roles in stone tool production. In Engendering Archaeology: Women and Prehistory. Joan M. Gero and Margaret W. Conkey, eds. Pp. 163-193. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

6 Things to Do When Changing Jobs

6 Things to Do When Changing Jobs The days of the â€Å"company man,† are in the past. In fact, Americans tend to stay at their jobs for an average of just 4.6 years, according to the most recent report from the Bureau of labor Statistics. That means that these same Americans will hold a total of nearly 10 jobs during the course of their working lives. With the likelihood of so many job changes in your future, understanding best practices for moving on is essential. Read on for six tips to ensure that you leave your job on a positive note. 1. Give Ample NoticeWhile the phrase â€Å"two weeks’ notice† is often heard, there’s no hard and fast standard for how much lead time you need to give your employer. To make sure the timing of your resignation is acceptable, review your employee handbook or check in with a human resources representative.Also, keep in mind that your job history will stay with you as you move through life. Even if you despised your boss, it’s important to keep your relationship on good terms by turning in a professional letter of resignation.2. Do Your JobEven if you’ve handed in your resignation, your job is still your job. Resist the urge to be a â€Å"lame duck† and instead use this time to show you’re committed to the team even if you’re moving on. Make your best effort to complete all open assignments, and if you are unable to finish them up on time, leave a detailed report for your fellow workers or replacement.Speaking of your replacement, offer to help your boss with the search to fill your position. If your replacement has been hired, offer to help with his/her training.3. Cover Your BasesReview your vacation days, sick days, commission payments, outstanding salary, and any other compensation which may be owed to you. Schedule an appointment with your supervisor and/or a human resources manager to negotiate a fair settlement and confirm that you’re on the same page regarding what your final paycheck will look like.4. Don’t Let the Door Hit You †¦The old expression goes, â€Å"Be nice to people on your way up. You’ll meet them on the way down.† Just because you’re leaving a job doesn’t mean you’re cutting ties with the company and its employees. Before leaving, make sure you have contact information for your teammates.Also, take a moment to express your gratitude for the time you spent working alongside coworkers.5. Be PreparedYou may be happy that you’re leaving, but that doesn’t mean everyone else is. Your boss may make a counteroffer to ask you to stay, or your co-workers may make you try to feel guilt about abandoning the team. Keep your interactions professional and pleasant at all times.At some workplaces it’s standard operating procedure to have an employee escorted out of the building on the spot after tendering his/her resignation. Be prepared for this scenario by packing up all of your personal belong ings, removing personal files and software from your computer, and cleaning out your desk.6. Ace Your Exit InterviewExit interviews are standard operating protocol at many places of employment. Give some thought to what you’ll share about your reasons for leaving. This is a chance to leave your workplace one last parting gift: the opportunity to make it a better place for the next employee who fills your shoes.While an exciting new job remains ahead, you’re still employed by your current company until the last time you walk out that door. Following these six steps can help ensure a smooth transition to the next phase of your career.

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 53

Leadership - Essay Example I would also share my concerns with her supervisors. This is a good strategy as she will be now monitored closely to avoid instances of corruption in her duties. Also, it will enable the organization to retain a good brand name as any miscellaneous operations will be limited. It is apparent that by informing her supervisors they will create a forum to have a refresher course on good corporate governance. This will help the disingenuous leader to know what is expected of her in her duties (Dubrin, 2012). In conclusion, the consequences of telling the truth to her supervisors may lead to firing of the disingenuous leader. This will happen if evidence is found of her improper dealings that are not aligned to the code of ethics of the organization. Also, the organization staff will have unity in achieving the organization set goals as there will be less conflict of interest in the day to day operations. It will be possible as the top management will keen in identifying the weaknesses of various leaders in the

Rehabilitation of the Injured Athlete Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Rehabilitation of the Injured Athlete - Essay Example The program will encompass total recovery, involving pre-habilitation and the actual rehabilitation process – including targeted treatment and exercises, aimed at returning Simon to his rugby team and game as soon as possible. The shoulder consists of three bones the clavicle, scapula, and humerus, and two joints, the acromioclavicular and glenohumeral joints (Quinn, 2006). The bones are connected to each other by ligaments, while they are connected to muscles by tendons (Quinn, 2006). These structures, along with the rotator cuff muscles, cooperate to provide motion, mobility, and strength to the very movable shoulder joint which is quite unstable and prone to injury from impact (Quinn, 2006). Nevertheless, the 13 muscles in the shoulder joint, offer biomechanical protection which provides a measure of stability to this vulnerable and unstable joint (Funk, 2011). Simon’s collision caused his dislocated shoulder joint, where an extreme rotation occurred violently twisti ng his shoulder upward and backward, causing the humerus to jump out of the glenoid, and delivering intense pain and weakness in the arm, presumably because the rotator cuff was damaged during the impact (Cunha, 2011). The four tendons in the rotator cuff are connected to four muscles which turn the arm inward, upward, and outward (Cunha, 2011), and are responsible for stabilizing the humerus in the socket (Erstad, 2010). Simon’s collision caused the joint capsule, cartilage, and rotator cuff ligaments, which keep the shoulder intact, to tear (Wedro, 2011). The resultant pain signalled the need for medical attention. The injured shoulder would first have been tied in a makeshift sling, before Simon was rushed to a doctor (Cunha, 2011) (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2009). Most likely he was given pain killers and then quickly examined by the doctor, who probably touched the shoulder from the side to see whether the humeral head was in position (Cunha, 2011). Simon probably grimaced at t he pain in the front of the shoulder, caused when the doctor bent his elbow or turned his wrist, indicating a SLAP lesion (Pesic, 2011). The doctor would then x-ray the injury to confirm the diagnosis and ascertain whether there were broken bones (Cunha, 2011). Having found no broken bones, the doctor would first determine whether the SLAP lesion could be treated non-surgically through shoulder rest and medication to lessen inflammation (Pesic, 2011). Simon would naturally be removed from active play (Pesic, 2011). SLAP lesion physical therapy would be done by stretching and strengthening the muscles surrounding the rotator cuff and scapula, through special exercises (Pesic, 2011). Cold therapy, which can be a three-hour application of ice packs or a massage, could also be done to reduce swelling and pain (Pesic, 2011). The RICE technique of rest, ice, compression, and elevation of the shoulder would also be applied (â€Å"Cold Therapy,† 2011). If those measures are not succe ssful, surgery would be scheduled. Maunder (2011) feels that Simon should be prepared mentally and physically for surgery to increase his chances of success. Prehabilitation would give him an opportunity to ask questions and learn

VALS SURVEY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

VALS SURVEY - Essay Example After identifying the innovators and experiencers as the VALS for this particular product, a proper decision should be made on exactly how to appeal to them (Christensen, 2011). First, to appeal to the innovators, I would like to recommend that the marketer should ensure that the commodity is made to be innovative and attractive. As self-actualized consumers, the experiences can only be lured to purchase the iPad if they are convinced that it is fine and appeal to their eyes. This is the only way through which they can perceive it as a product worth spending their money on (Kerin, 2012). On the other hand, to appeal to the experiencers, the marketer should ensure that the iPad is made to represent a creative, fashionable and novel product that depicts a self-expression idea. If it possesses such features, these consumers will consider it as the preferred commodity to purchase (Kotler & Keller, 2009). Experiencers are young consumers who heavily spend on fashionable products like iPad that suit their insatiable tastes for

Understanding What Is The Sustainable Development Politics Essay

Understanding What Is The Sustainable Development Politics Essay Sustainable development has been defined in many ways, but the most frequently quoted definition is from Our Common Future, also known as the Brundtland Report:[1] Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts: the concept of needs, in particular the essential needs of the worlds poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environments ability to meet present and future needs. All definitions of sustainable development require that we see the world as a system-a system that connects space; and a system that connects time. When you think of the world as a system over space, you grow to understand that air pollution from North America affects air quality in Asia, and that pesticides sprayed in Argentina could harm fish stocks off the coast of Australia. And when you think of the world as a system over time, you start to realize that the decisions our grandparents made about how to farm the land continue to affect agricultural practice today; and the economic policies we endorse today will have an impact on urban poverty when our children are adults. We also understand that quality of life is a system, too. Its good to be physically healthy, but what if you are poor and dont have access to education? Its good to have a secure income, but what if the air in your part of the world is unclean? And its good to have freedom of religious expression, but what if you cant feed your family? The concept of sustainable development is rooted is this sort of systems thinking. It helps us understand ourselves and our world. The problems we face are complex and serious-and we cant address them in the same way we created them. But we can address them. This paper introduces two axioms that capture the idea of sustainable development, and characterizes the welfare criterion that they imply. The axioms require that neither the present nor the future should play a dictatorial role in societys choices over time. At the 1992 United Nations Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, sustainable development emerged as one of the most urgent subjects for international policy. One hundred and fifty participating nations endorsed UN Agenda 21, proposing as part of its policy agenda sustainable development based on the satisfaction of basic needs in developing countries Brundtland Commission proposed that sustainable development is development that satisfies the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the future. Brundtland (1987) The experimental evidence indicates that the present and the future are treated more even-handedly. Typically we do discount the future, but the trade-off between today and tomorrow blurs as we move into the future. Tomorrow acquires increasing relative importance as time progresses. It is as if we viewed the future through a curved lens. The relative weight given to two subsequent periods in the future is inversely related to their distance from today. (P.468) The two following axioms are non-dictatorship properties. Axiom 1 requires that the present should not dictate the outcome in disregard for the future: it requires sensitivity to the welfare of generations in the distant future. Axiom 2 requires that the welfare criterion should not be dictated by the long-run future, and thus requires sensitivity to the present. (P.469) Handbook of Sustainable Development Planning Studies in Modelling and Decision Support Edited by M.A. Quaddus M.A.B. Siddique The concept of sustainable development gained its currency with the publication of Our Common Future by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WECD) in 1987. It emerged from recognition of the need to maintain a balance between economic development and environmental protection and to ensure intra- and intergenerational equity. Before the 1980s, a mono-disciplinary approach was applied to define economic development. Economic development basically meant sustained increase in per capita income. For example, in 1957, Meier and Baldwin defined economic development as a process whereby an economys real national income increases over a long period of time (Meier and Baldwin, 1957, p. 2). This notion of development was prevalent among many of the third world countries until the end of the 1960s. However, during the last quarter of the twentieth century, a multi-dimensional concept of economic development was developed. One of the shortcomings of defining economic development i n terms of sustained increase in per capita income is that it fails to accommodate the question of distribution of income. It was believed that the distributional aspect would be taken care of by the trickle-down effect of growth. However, by the end of the 1960s, it became clear that economic development over a long period of time in many of the developing countries failed to bring about the trickle-down effect. A new environmental and social dimension of development, referred to as sustainable development, emerged in the 1980s. The first formal definition of sustainable development is found in Our Common Future, where it is defined as a process that fulfils present human needs without endangering the opportunities of future generations to fulfil their needs (WECD, 1987, p. 43). (P. 3) However, since the publication of Our Common Future, the concept of sustainable development was further modified and extended by development economists. In Caring for the Earth (IUCN/UNEP/WWF, 1991) sustainable development is defined as an improvement in the quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems. It should be noted here that improvement in the quality of human life subject to environmental or ecological constraint is the main focus of this definition. Although the seminal definition of sustainable development by the WECD has been widely quoted by many, the precise meaning of sustainable development and the ways to achieve it have always been matters of intense debate among researchers and policy-makers. The main criticism directed against the notion of sustainable development perceived by both the WECD and the UNCED (United Nations Conference on Environment and Development) is that it is very broad and general. The lack of a universa lly acceptable definition makes the task for sustainable development planners difficult. Moreover, very often the objective of sustainable development is not clear. The implication of this is that the gap between theories (that is, the definition of sustainable development) and the actual application of sustainability to reality becomes particularly significant. This further results in many difficulties in the formulation of policies to plan sustainable development. As a result there is a demand for more precision in order to make sustainable development planning more consistent and efficient. Sustainable Development in Tribal and Backward Areas Kohli, Anju, Shah, Farida Chowdhary, A.P. (Eds)., 1997 : New Delhi, Indus Publishing Company Sustainable development is a development process that only generates economic growth but distributes its benefits equitably, that regenerates the environment rather than destroying it, that empowers people rather than materializing them. It is a matter of distributional equity between present and the future. It is intrinsically inexact concept which cannot be measured but can be a general guide to policies that which cannot be measured but can be a general guide to policies that have be with investment, conservation and resource use. In short, sustainability is an injunction not to satisfy ourselves by improvising our successors. It is an obligation to conduct ourselves so that we leave to the future the option or the capacity to be as well off as we are. P. 14 ============= In the developing world at least a billion people live in abject poverty for which no justification can be made. They have not received the benefit of growth. Unfortunately, they have no real choice except to burn their forest and to overuse their land and their resources just to secure a livelihood. P.194 The only important point to consider is the polluters must pay principle. It should be obeyed within the rules of the game. Putting this responsibility on government is both time-consuming and economically a costly preposition. P. 195. It is true that the developed world has contributed out of proportion in this game of destruction. The stage started in the colonial era when vast amount of timber wood and mineral resources were tapped. But the story of development after 1950 is even more hilarious. When large dams are erected or industrialization takes place, apparently it is an indicator of economic growth. But in the long run these efforts require a closer scrutiny. The economics of large scale dam construction is in vogue and even the World Bank clan has withdrawn its hands on ecological grounds. Even the much lauded Green Revolution has degraded the quality of soil. Thus in fifties every new invention or investment was an indicator of development. The end of twentieth century will like to rewrite the whole gamut of development economics. In todays economic thinking the propelling nature of economic activity is not profit maximization but creation of utility. P. 196 The economics of conservation should be a part of the development process. Sustainable development has defined in the World Conservation Strategy (1980) as : The management of the human use of the biosphere so that it may yield the greatest sustainable development to present generations while maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of future generations. P. 228 In order to ensure long-term sustainability it is essential to ensure that the national social and economic policy framework is consistent with, and supportive of, the development objectives and implementation methods of social sector projects and programmes P. 228 The problem of tribal development cannot be seen in isolation from mainstream development, yet, the preservation and sensitivity towards their socio-cultural identity also cannot be overlooked. The challenge, at present, is to be able to recognize and understand the priorities and anxieties of the tribal communities. These arise from their shrinking economic base due to massive felling of trees caused by commercial exploitation of forest wealth. More and more tribals are becoming alien in their own area. Our economic modernization through construction of big power projects, opening of mines and construction of large dams is leading to displacement and impoverishment of tribals. There is a need for having a critical look at all the ongoing tribal development programmes. The areas of concern will have to go beyond the conception and implementation of development programmes and projects to focus on getting sustained long-term benefits from investment. It is being seriously felt that while there has been emphasis on tribal development by both government and voluntary sectors, yet, it has rested only on project formulation and timely cost effective implementation of the development projects. The sustainability aspect of the projects has not received sufficient attention. P.229 Productivity of land in tribal areas is poor and the agricultural output not sufficient. So they depend on cheap daily wage labour and collection and sale of firewood from the forest to see them through the year until the next harvest. It is important to highlight that the problems of poverty, population and environmental degradation are linked and the stark reality is that weaker sections of our Indian society still inhibit the areas of environmental degradation. The issue of sustainable development assumes alarming significance for the tribal areas because the human resources base of these regions is very weak to shoulder the development responsibilities. Literacy level among the tribal social groups of Rajastan is still around 20%. The tribal Sub-Plan Areas concept has, of course, implanted some visible infrastructural masts over the whole TSP area during the last two decades. But the traditional socio-cultural fabric of tribal society perpetuates and still conditions the development parameters of the region spread over the 5 districts à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Tribal economy continues to be governed by fragile agricultural and animal husbandry activities. The economy of this region is groaning under the increasing pressures of human and animal population. Land holding size and forest covered area is dwindling, droughts and famines continue to reoccur frequently and the land productivity is yet to surge up to a perceptible level. Governmental initi atives in promoting the use of modern farm technology à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.do not seem to have established the roots in the tribal landscape. Even the poverty eradication programmes executed under the IRDP scheme are yet to show their glow on the faces of poverty stricken tribal masses. This region has rich mineral resource base but the industrial activities have not developed on a large scale. P.236 Mineral and industrial development responsibilities are primarily shouldered by the outside non-tribal entrepreneurial talents and the local masses are being engaged as wage laborers. Looking to the geophysical setup and the growing population pressures, the secondary sector is expected to galvanize the tribal economy through the creation of larger and sustainable economic activities. However, as the situation exists today, no perceptible indicators are visible on the horizon of tribal region. To be precise, the development experiences of last four decades lead us to surmise if the prevailing policy parameters are sustainable for the next century. What should be the thrust areas of development ? How could the tribals be roped in the development process for promoting a participative development model ? What strategic components of tribal development planning could prove viable in eradicating the problem of poverty on a sustainable basis ? These issues crave for the indulgency of acade mic world including the galaxy of economists as well as social scientists à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ P. 237 The panorama of unspent funds and under-exploited schemes persists because of the poor responses from the target groups. Geographical isolation has perpetuated tribals fear psychosis and as such, this society has yet to become vocal for claiming its active participation in the development process. The society has remained mute spectator to the manoeuvrability of outsider plunderers of the natural wealth of the region. P. 237 The term sustainable development holds together two principles : the first, development component concentrating on meeting the needs of the present generation; the other, sustainable component limiting harmful effects of human activities on natural environment so that the ability of future generations to meet their own needs is not compromised. Environmental degradation and health hazards are the by-products of economic and industrial activities due to mindless and ruthless exploitation of natural resources. Poor planning and perverted process of development for short-term gains has destroyed the physical environment. If poverty existed before the pre-planning era, it was the result of under-utilization of resources, but if poverty, unemployment and inequalities persist today, it can be regarded as the consequence of ruthless over-exploitation of natural resources which left the physical environment degraded. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development In 1987, the United Nations released the Brundtland Report, which defines sustainable development as development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The United Nations 2005 World Summit Outcome Document refers to the interdependent and mutually reinforcing pillars of sustainable development as economic development, social development, and environmental protection. Indigenous peoples have argued, through various international forums such as the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues and the Convention on Biological Diversity, that there are four pillars of sustainable development, the fourth being cultural. The Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity (UNESCO, 2001) further elaborates the concept by stating that cultural diversity is as necessary for humankind as biodiversity is for nature; it becomes one of the roots of development understood not simply in terms of economic growth, but also as a means to achieve a more satisfactory intellectual, emotional, moral and spiritual existence. In this vision, cultural diversity is the fourth policy area of sustainable development. Economic Sustainability: Agenda 21 clearly identified information, integration, and participation as key building blocks to help countries achieve development that recognises these interdependent pillars. It emphasises that in sustainable development everyone is a user and provider of information. It stresses the need to change from old sector-centred ways of doing business to new approaches that involve cross-sectoral co-ordination and the integration of environmental and social concerns into all development processes. Furthermore, Agenda 21 emphasises that broad public participation in decision making is a fundamental prerequisite for achieving sustainable development. An unsustainable situation occurs when natural capital (the sum total of natures resources) is used up faster than it can be replenished. Sustainability requires that human activity only uses natures resources at a rate at which they can be replenished naturally. Inherently the concept of sustainable development is intertwined with the concept of carrying capacity. Theoretically, the long-term result of environmental degradation is the inability to sustain human life. Such degradation on a global scale could imply extinction for humanity. Consumption of Renewable resources State of environment Sustainability More than natures ability to replenish Environmental degradation Not sustainable Equal to natures ability to replenish Environmental equilibrium Steady state economy Less than natures ability to replenish Environmental renewal Environmentally sustainable The sustainable development debate is based on the assumption that societies need to manage three types of capital (economic, social, and natural), which may be non-substitutable and whose consumption might be irreversible. The business case for sustainable development : The most broadly accepted criterion for corporate sustainability constitutes a firms efficient use of natural capital. This eco-efficiency is usually calculated as the economic value added by a firm in relation to its aggregated ecological impact.[19] This idea has been popularised by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) under the following definition: Eco-efficiency is achieved by the delivery of competitively priced goods and services that satisfy human needs and bring quality of life, while progressively reducing ecological impacts and resource intensity throughout the life-cycle to a level at least in line with the earths carrying capacity. (DeSimone and Popoff, 1997: 47) Similar to the eco-efficiency concept but so far less explored is the second criterion for corporate sustainability. Socio-efficiency[21] describes the relation between a firms value added and its social impact. Whereas, it can be assumed that most corporate impacts on the environment are negative (apart from rare exceptions such as the planting of trees) this is not true for social impacts. These can be either positive (e.g. corporate giving, creation of employment) or negative (e.g. work accidents, mobbing of employees, human rights abuses). Depending on the type of impact socio-efficiency thus either tries to minimize negative social impacts (i.e. accidents per value added) or maximise positive social impacts (i.e. donations per value added) in relation to the value added. Both eco-efficiency and socio-efficiency are concerned primarily with increasing economic sustainability. In this process they instrumentalize both natural and social capital aiming to benefit from win-win situations. However, as Dyllick and Hockerts[21] point out the business case alone will not be sufficient to realise sustainable development. They point towards eco-effectiveness, socio-effectiveness, sufficiency, and eco-equity as four criteria that need to be met if sustainable development is to be reached.. What is needed now is a new era of economic growth growth that is forceful and at the same time socially and environmentally sustainable. The concept of sustainable development calls for a constant re-evaluation of the relationship between man and nature, and solidarity between generations, as the only viable option for long-term development. Sustainable development is a bridge concept connecting economics, ecology and ethics, Environment degradation is a result of the dynamic interplay of socio-economic, institutional and technological activities. Possible intervention strategies 1972, Stockholm : UN Conference on the Human Environment that the international community met for the first time to consider global environment and development needs together. 1992, 3 to 14 June Rio de Janerio, Brazil: The Earth Summit United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). Agreed to Agenda 21 and the Rio Declaration. 1992, December : The Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) was created. 1997, New York, Towards Earth Summit +5 2002, 26 August to 4 September Johannesburg, South Africa: World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD). 2012, 14 16 May Rio de Janeiro: UN Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) or Rio+20. Also referred to as the Rio+20 Earth Summit, Agenda21 Agenda 21 is a comprehensive plan of action to be taken globally, nationally and locally by organizations of the United Nations System, Governments, and Major Groups in every area in which human impacts on the environment. Agenda 21, the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, and the Statement of principles for the Sustainable Management of Forests were adopted by more than 178 Governments at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janerio, Brazil, 3 to 14 June 1992. The Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) was created in December 1992 to ensure effective follow-up of UNCED, to monitor and report on implementation of the agreements at the local, national, regional and international levels. It was agreed that a five year review of Earth Summit progress would be made in 1997 by the United Nations General Assembly meeting in special session. The full implementation of Agenda 21, the Programme for Further Implementation of Agenda 21 and the Commitments to the Rio principles, were strongly reaffirmed at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) held in Johannesburg, South Africa from 26 August to 4 September 2002. P.K. Rao, Sustainable Development Economics and Policy, New Delhi : Blackwell Publishers, 2001 The history of human civilization has been strongly interwoven with the history of climate and environment. Until recently, the climate and environment were seen as major determinants of the growth and stability of civilizations, and this was perceived as a one-way effect. However, the impact of civilization or human influences on the climate and the environment is now seen to constitute a serious problem. This is because, in the emerging new scenarios, two-way interactions seem to exist between climate-environment, and human activities. We are entering the 21st century amid such potential for combined interactive effects. There is a significant need for an analysis of the underlying factors and their potential mitigatory alternatives. This analysis could lead to improved and pragmatic policy framework. P. 3 Dresner, Simon. 2005. The Principles of Sustainability. London : Earthscan Publications Ltd.. Book Review At a time of increasingly rapid environmental deterioration, sustainability is one of the most important issues facing the world. Can we create a sustainable society? What would that mean? How should we set about doing it? How can we bring about such a profound change in the way things are organized? This text tackles these questions directly. It goes beyond rhetoric to explain the deeper issues of sustainable development in a way that seeks to be accessible and interesting to the non-specialist reader. It covers historical development of the concept of sustainability; contemporary debates about how to achieve it; and obstacles and the prospects for overcoming them. The work should be useful to students, academics and activists concerned with sustainable development. It assumes no previous knowledge of the subject. We should live sustainably has become central to environmental discussions. P.1 The concept of sustainability in something like its modern form was first used by the World Council of Churches in 1974. It was proposed by Western environmentalists in response to developing world objections to worrying about eh environment when human beings in many parts of the world suffer from poverty and deprivation. The concept of sustainable development was put forward by International Union of Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources in 1980. Sustainability and sustainable development finally came to prominence in 1987, when the United Nations World Commission on Environment and development, chaired by former and later Norwegian Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland, published its report Our Common Future. The central recommendation of this document, usually known as the Brundtland report, was that the way to square the circle of competing demands of environmental development. They defined it as development that meets . their needs. They wrote that sustainable development was about both equity between generations and equity within generations. P.1 Different people use the term in different ways, some emphasizing development through economic growth, and others emphasizing sustainability through environmental protection. Some environmentalists have claimed that sustainable development is a contradiction in terms, can be used merely a cover for continuing to destroy the natural world. On the other side of the debate, some economists have argued that sustainable development is too cautious about the future, potentially leading to sacrifices of economic growth for the sake of excessive concern about depletion of natural resources. Defenders of the concept argue that disagreement about sustainable development does not show that it is meaningless. Rather, it is a contestable concept like liberty or justice. P.2 The sustainability debate is not just about environment and growth. Although sustainability is often presented that you should not destroy the basis of your own existence it is more a question of equity. Concern about sustainability must be based on moral obligations towards future generations not just personal self-interest. Brundtland Commissions conception of sustainable development brought together equity between generations and equity within generations. P.2 The dispute between environmentalists and economists over sustainability is not just about the capacity of technological progress to substitute for natural resources. In the absence of sufficient understanding of the natural environment and of the capacities of future science and technology to deal with any problems, it involves disputes about how to deal with indeterminate risks. Economists tend to average out such risks in their calculations, burying worst-case possibilities in the average, or often even ignoring the possibility that things might turn out worse than they expect, so tending to advocate risky approaches to environmental futures. Environmentalists instead highlight worst-case outcomes and suggest that extra efforts should be taken to avoid them. There are parallels between the risky approach that economists take with the future and their lack of support for egalitarianism in the present. Both are a result of the assumptions of the utilitarian philosophy underlying mainstream economics, which is indifferent to the risk of very bad outcomes for some individuals in the present or everyone in some alternative futures. Most contemporary environmentalists are more left-wing, and it turns out that there is a real philosophical parallel between their interest in equity to future generations and equity within generations. Drawing on the theories of the philosopher John Rawls, I will suggest that there are very sever tensions between the utilitarianism basis of mainstream economic and sustainabilitys concern for equity within and between generations. P. 4. Malthus on Population Malthus argued that the tendency of population towards geometric growth meant that it would always outstrip the growth in food supply. The population was controlled by misery and vice. The standard of living of the labouring classes always hovered around the minimum necessary for subsistence. The World Summit on Sustainable Development took place in Johannesburg in 2002 as a sequel UNCED, ten years on. It was supposed to be more about development than environment, as Southern countries had felt that UNCED was more about environment than development. On both counts, though, it was a disappointment. The lack of substantial progress at the World Summit showed that global political efforts to bring about sustainable development had run out of steam, even as the environment continues to deteriorate. P.59 Sustainable development is a meeting point for environmentalists and developers. the term sustainable development lay in the way that it could be used both by environmentalists, emphasizing the sustainable part, and by developers, emphasizing the development part. The definition given by Brundtland Commission, is often criticized as hopelessly vague or non-operationalizable. In his essay, ORiordan expressed the concern that the vagueness of the definition would allow people to claim almost anything as part of sustainable development, reducing the term meaningless. P.64 The identification of sustainable development with the growth agenda has made radical environmentalists deeply suspicious of it. P.65 Sustainable development is a contestable concept one that affords variety of competing interpretations or conceptions. These concepts have basic meanings and almost everyone is in favour of them, but deep conflicts remain about how they should be understood and what they imply for polity. That something is a contestable concept does not mean that it has no meaning at all. Brundtland seems to be identifying the crucial elements of sustainable development as meeting basic needs, recognizing environmental limits, and the principles of intergenerational and intragenerational equity. P.67 The goal of development was first formally enunciated by President Truman in 1949. The objective was generally seen in terms o